Excesso de adiposidade corporal periférica, central e geral em adolescentes de uma cidade do sul do Brasil / Excess of peripheral, central and general body adiposity in adolescents in a city in southern Brazil

Objetivo: estimar a prevalência e analisar os fatores sociodemográficos e de estilo de vida associados ao excesso de adiposidade periférica, central e geral em adolescentes. Método: estudo transversal, realizado na cidade de São José/Santa Catarina, Brasil, com 1.132 adolescentes (14-19 anos). As variáveis dependentes foram adiposidade periférica (dobra cutânea [DC] do tríceps), central (DC subescapular) e geral (presença de adiposidade periférica e central), classificadas pelo percentil 90 do Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. As variáveis independentes foram nível econômico, atividade física (AF) e hábitos alimentares, obtidos por meio de questionários. A maturação sexual foi avaliada segundo critérios de Tanner. Resultados: o excesso de adiposidade periférica, central e geral, foi de 11,1%, 10,3% e 7,1%, respectivamente, para adolescentes do sexo masculino e, 13,1%,14,7% e 9,8%, respectivamente, para adolescentes do sexo feminino. Os adolescentes do sexo masculino com baixos níveis de AF apresentaram maiores chances de excesso de adiposidade periférica (OR:2,32; IC95%: 1,09-5,37). As adolescentes do sexo feminino, no estágio maturacional pós-púbere apresentaram maiores chances de excesso de adiposidade central (OR:3,80; IC95%:2,25-6,41) e geral (OR:3,31; IC95%:1,79-6,10), e aquelas que estudavam no período noturno apresentaram menores chances de ter excesso de adiposidade central (OR:0,35; IC95%:0,18-0,71) e geral (OR:0,43; IC95%:0,19-0,95). Conclusão: o excesso de adiposidade se fez presente, sendo que o baixo nível de AF para os adolescentes do sexo masculino, o estágio maturacional póspúbere e o turno de estudo diurno foram fatores associados ao excesso de adiposidade para as adolescentes do sexo feminino. (AU)

Objective: to estimate the prevalence and to analyze sociodemographic and lifestyle factors associated with excess peripheral, central and general adiposity in adolescents. Method: a cross-sectional study, conducted in the city of São José/Santa Catarina, Brazil, with 1,132 adolescents (14-19 years old). The dependent variables were peripheral adiposity (tríceps skinfold), central (subscapular skinfold) and general (presence of peripheral and central adiposity), classified from the 90th percentile of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention curve. The independent variables were economic level, physical activity (PA) and eating habits, obtained through questionnaires. The sexual maturation was evaluated according to Tanner criteria. Results: the excess of central and general peripheral adiposity was 11.1%, 10.3% and 7.1%, respectively, for male adolescents and 13.1%, 14.7% and 9.8%, respectively, for adolescent females. Males with low PA l evels presented higher odds of excess peripheral adiposity (OR: 2.32; 95% CI: 1.09-5.37). The female adolescents in the post-pubertal maturational stage presented higher odds of excess central adiposity (OR: 3.80; 95% CI: 2.25-6.41) and general adiposity (OR: 3.31; 95% CI: 1.79-6.10), and those who studied at night had a lower chance of having excess central adiposity (OR: 0.35, 95% CI: 0.18-0.71) and general adiposity (OR: 0.43; 95% CI: 0.19-0.95). Conclusion: the excess of adiposity was present and that the low level of PA for the male adolescents, the post-pubertal maturational stage and the daytime shift were factors associated with excess adiposity for female adolescents. (AU)

Abdominoplastia circunferencial simples e composta: evolução técnica, experiência de 10 anos e análise das complicações / Simple and composite circumferential abdominoplasty: technical evolution, 10-year experience and analysis of complications

Introdução: Pacientes portadores de obesidade mórbida submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica, após perda ponderal maciça, evoluem com grandes dobras de pele em várias regiões do corpo, incluindo abdome. Nos pacientes com excessos dermogordurosos em toda circunferência abdominal e ptose da região glútea, a abdominoplastia circunferencial (simples ou composta) tem demonstrado ser uma solução cirúrgica eficaz, pois a abdominoplastia convencional ou "em âncora" traz resultados insatisfatórios naqueles pacientes com dismorfia severa. O objetivo é analisara evolução técnica da abdominoplastia circunferencial simples e composta e suas complicações. Métodos: Foram avaliados 29 pacientes, sendo 28 do sexo feminino, com média etária de 41,17 anos, submetidos à abdominoplastia circunferencial, entre 2002 e 2012. Este estudo retrospectivo, realizado através de dados colhidos dos prontuários médicos, avaliou: tempo de cirurgia, peso da peça cirúrgica ressecada, tempo de internação hospitalar, antibioticoterapia utilizada, complicações associadas e alterações ocorridas na técnica operatória neste período. Resultados: A abdominoplastia circunferencial composta foi realizada em 23 pacientes (79,3%) e a simples em seis (20,7%). O tempo cirúrgico médio foi de 346 minutos e o peso médio da peça operatória foi 4323 gramas. Três pacientes (10,3%) tiveram complicações maiores (anemia sintomática e deiscência de sutura maior) e cinco (17,2%) complicações menores (pequenas deiscências, pequeno sangramento espontâneo, seroma e cicatriz hipertrófica). Entre 2002 e 2004 ocorreram 75% das complicações. O índice de reoperação foi de 6,9%. Conclusão: Houve importante evolução técnica na realização da abdominoplastia circunferencial, sendo que a incidência de complicações e a taxa de reoperação foram similares àquelas encontradas na literatura.

Introduction: Morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery after massive weight loss evolve with large skin folds in various body regions, including the abdomen. In patients with dermofat excesses throughout the abdominal circumference and ptosis of the gluteal region, circumferential abdominoplasty (simple or composite) has been an effective surgical solution conventional or "anchor" abdominoplasty brings unsatisfactory results in those patients with severe dysmorphia. The objective is to analyze the technical evolution of simple and composite circumferential abdominoplasty and its complications. Methods: Twenty-nine patients were evaluated, 28 females, with a mean age of 41.17 years, submitted to circumferential abdominoplasty between 2002 and 2012. This retrospective study, conducted through data collected from medical records, evaluated: surgery time, the weight of the resected surgical specimen, length of hospital stays, antibiotic therapy used, associated complications, and changes in the surgical technique in this period. Results: Composite circumferential abdominoplasty was performed in 23 patients (79.3%) and the simple one in six (20.7%). The mean surgical time was 346 minutes, and the surgical specimen's mean weight was 4323 grams. Three patients (10.3%) had significant complications (symptomatic anemia and major suture dehiscence) and five (17.2%) minor complications (minor dehiscence, slight spontaneous bleeding, seroma, and hypertrophic scarring). Between 2002 and 2004, 75% of the complications occurred. The reoperation rate was 6.9%. Conclusion: There was a significant technical evolution in circumferential abdominoplasty performance, and the incidence of complications and the rate of reoperation were similar to those found in the literature.

A clinical study to evaluate the efficacy of Herbal Formulation for Obesity (HFO-02) in overweight individuals

Ayurveda, the Indian system of medicine offers many herbs and formulations for management of obesity. Baidyanath Bhawan Pvt. Ltd has designed a formulation, HFO-02, based on Ayurvedic literature.ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of Herbal Formulation for Obesity (HFO-02) in overweight individuals.Materials & methodsWith approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee, a proof of concept study was carried out in overweight individuals (Body Mass Index, BMI ≥25.0 and ≤ 30.0 kg/m2), devoid of any endocrinological disorders. Tablet HFO-02 (500 mg) was administered to these individuals twice daily for 90 days, during which they were called at study site fortnightly. After stopping the treatment, they were further followed up for 30 days off-medication and the last follow up was scheduled on day 120. Anthropometric parameters were assessed at every visit, while biochemical parameters viz. lipid profile, blood sugar & insulin levels (both fasting and post prandial), C- reactive protein and adipocytokines (leptin & adiponectin) were estimated monthly.ResultsOf the 18 participants recruited in the study; 14 completed the study. HFO-02 did not show reduction in weight, however a significant decrease in the body circumference and skin fold was demonstrated. This decrease was maintained till day 120. The levels of all biochemical parameters were maintained and no adverse events were reported throughout the study.ConclusionTablet HFO-02 reduced body circumferences and skinfold thickness indicating its potential for obesity management.

Obesity in adolescents in Southern Brazil: association with sociodemographic factors, lifestyle and maturational stage / Obesidade em adolescentes do Sul do Brasil: associação com fatores sociodemográficos, estilo de vida e estágio maturacional

Abstract Excess body fat is associated with chronic degenerative diseases, being a global public health problem. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of obesity with sociodemographic factors, lifestyle (physical activity, dietary habits) and sexual maturation in high school students of a city in southern Brazil. This is a cross-sectional study with 820 adolescents enrolled in public high schools of São José, Santa Catarina, Brazil, aged 14-17 years. Obesity was estimated by body fat percentage (BF%). BF% was calculated using the Lohman equation, which considers the sum of skinfolds (triceps and subscapularis). Cutoff points proposed by William et al. were used to classify individuals into normal weight or obese. Independent variables were sex, age, economic status, parental education, eating habits, physical activity and sexual maturation. The prevalence of obesity was 17.2%. Females (OR: 4.22; 95% CI: 2.72-6.54) and young people at post-pubertal stage of sexual maturation (OR: 1.95; 95% CI: 1.33-2.86) were more likely to have obesity. These results may help health authorities in the planning of public policies to prevent obesity.

Resumo O excesso de adiposidade corporal está associado a doenças crônicas degenerativas, sendo problema global de saúde pública. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a associação da obesidade com fatores sociodemográficos, estilo de vida (atividade física, hábitos alimentares) e maturação sexual em estudantes do ensino médio de uma cidade do sul do Brasil. Estudo transversal com 820 adolescentes de escolas públicas de São José, Santa Catarina, Brasil, com idade de 14 a 17 anos. A obesidade foi estimada por meio do percentual de gordura corporal (%G). O %G foi calculado por meio da equação de Lohman que considera o somatório de dobras cutâneas (Tríceps e Subescapular). Usou-se os pontos de corte proposto por Willian et al. para classificar os jovens em eutróficos ou obesos. As variáveis independentes foram sexo, idade, nível econômico, escolaridade dos pais, hábitos alimentares, nível de atividade física e maturação sexual. A prevalência de obesidade foi de 17,2%. O sexo feminino (OR: 4,22; IC95%: 2,72-6,54) e os jovens no estágio pós-púbere de maturação sexual (OR: 1,95; IC95%:1,33-2,86) apresentaram maiores chances de obesidade. Estes resultados podem auxiliar as autoridades do município para o planejamento de políticas públicas de prevenção a obesidade.

Aplicabilidade do indice adiposidade corporal na estimativa do percentual de gordura de jovens mulheres brasileiras / Applicability of body adiposity index in estimating body fat of young brazilian women / Aplicabilidad del indice de adiposidad corporal en la estimativa del porcentual de grasa de jovenes mujeres brasilenas

INTRODUÇÃO: A estimativa da composição corporal é um campo de estudo importante no prognóstico e diagnóstico de enfermidades degenerativas. OBJETIVO: Analisar a aplicabilidade do Índice de adiposidade corporal (IAC) e o método de dobras cutâneas. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi constituída por 19 adultas jovens com média de idade 24,53 ± 2,65 anos, submetidas à avaliação antropométrica (circunferências e dobras cutâneas) e absorsiometria por dupla emissão de raio X (DXA). Os valores estimados foram comparados ao valor de referência por meio do teste t pareado e pela análise do nível de associação entre os métodos pela correlação de Pearson; o nível de significância foi p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Não apontaram diferenças significativas entre o percentual de gordura estimado pelo IAC e os valores de referência, porém, tiveram nível de associação moderado (r = 0,627). No entanto, o método de dobras cutâneas apresentou diferença estatística significante (p > 0,05) com nível de associação forte (r = 0,879). CONCLUSÃO: Embora o IAC não apresente diferença para os valores estimados, fica evidente a necessidade de mais estudos sobre a aplicabilidade do método na população brasileira. .

INTRODUCTION: The estimation of body composition is an important study field in the prognosis and diagnosis of degenerative diseases. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the applicability of the Body Adiposity Index (BAI) and the skinfold thickness method. METHODS: The sample consisted of 19 young adult women with a mean age 24.53 ± 2.65 years, who underwent anthropometric measurements (circumferences and skinfold thickness) and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). The estimated values were compared to the reference value by using the paired t test and by analysis of the level of association between the methods through the Pearson correlation. The level of significance was p<0.05. RESULTS: Showed no significant differences between the fat percentage estimated by the BAI and the reference values, however had moderate level of association (r=0.627). Nevertheless, the skinfold thickness method showed statistically significant difference (p>0.05) with a strong association level (r = 0.879). CONCLUSION: Although the BAI does not show difference to the estimated values, it is clear that further studies on the applicability of the method in the Brazilian population are necessary. .

INTRODUCCIÓN: La estimativa de la composición corporal es un campo de estudio importante en el pronóstico y diagnóstico de enfermedades degenerativas. OBJETIVO: Analizar la aplicabilidad del Índice de Adiposidad Corporal (IAC) y el método de pliegues cutáneos. MÉTODOS: La muestra fue constituida por 19 adultas jóvenes con promedio de edad de 24,53 ± 2,65 años, sometidas a evaluación antropométrica (circunferencias y pliegues cutáneos) y absorciometría por doble emisión de rayo X (DXA). Los valores estimados fueron comparados al valor de referencia por medio del test t pareado y por el análisis del nivel de asociación entre los métodos por la correlación de Pearson; el nivel de significancia fue de p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: No apuntaron diferencias significativas entre el porcentual de grasa estimado por el IAC y los valores de referencia, no obstante, tuvieron nivel de asociación moderado (r = 0,627). Por otro lado, el método de pliegues cutáneos presentó diferencia estadística significativa (p > 0,05) con nivel de asociación fuerte (r = 0,879). CONCLUSIÓN: Aunque el IAC no presente diferencia para los valores estimados, queda evidente la necesidad de más estudios sobre la aplicabilidad del método en la población brasileña. .

Effects of a twelve-week aerobic dance exercises on body compositions parameters in young women / Efectos de los ejercicios de danza aeróbica durante doce semanas sobre los parámetros de composición corporal en mujeres jóvenes

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a twelve-week aerobic dance-training program on the body composition parameters of young women. The sample of 59 young women belonged to one of two groups, an experimental (EXP) or a control (CON) group. The experimental group consisted of 29 female subjects (age 23.1+/-1.9 years, body height 164.4+/-6.1 cm, body weight 62.1+/-5.6 kg, BMI 23.0+/-2.2 kg/m2), while the control group was made up of 30 subjects (age 22.7+/-1.8 years, body height 165.3+/-6.2 cm, body weight 59.4+/-6.3 kg, BMI 21.7+/-1.7 kg/m2). To assess body compositions, the following measures were used: the overall sum of the upper body skinfolds, the overall sum of the lower body skinfolds, the overall sum of skinfolds of the upper and lower body, the percentage of body fat, the percentage of muscle mass in the body, body height and body weight. For all of the sums of skinfolds for the subjects of the EXP group, we noted a statistically significant decrease (p< 0.05) at the final measuring in relation to the initial measuring (SSFUPPER - 39.35 mm compared to 42.87 mm; S SFLOWER - 39.35mm compared to 49.88 mm; STOTAL SF - 76.97 mm compared to 92.75 mm). In the case of BF percent, a decrease was noted at the final measuring in relation to the initial one (20.37 percent compared to 22.66 percent), which was statistically significant (p< 0.05). On the basis of our results, we can conclude that aerobic dance decreases subcutaneous fatty tissue and body composition of the young women.

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los efectos de un programa de acondicionamiento de danza aeróbica de doce semanas sobre los parámetros de composición corporal de mujeres jóvenes. La muestra de 59 mujeres jóvenes se dividió en dos grupos, uno experimental y otro control. El grupo experimental estaba compuesto por 29 mujeres (edad 23,1 +/- 1,9 años, estatura 164,4 +/- 6,1 cm, peso corporal 62,1 +/- 5,6 kg, IMC 23,0 +/- 2,2 kg/m2), mientras que el grupo de control estaba compuesto por 30 mujeres (edad 22,7 +/- 1,8 años, estatura 165,3 +/- 6,2 cm, peso corporal 59,4 +/- 6,3 kg, IMC 21,7 +/- 1,7 kg/m2). Para evaluar la composición corporal, se utilizaron las siguientes medidas: la suma general de los pliegues cutáneos parte superior del cuerpo, la suma general de los pliegues cutáneos parte inferior del cuerpo, la suma general de los pliegues cutáneos de las partes superiores e inferiores del cuerpo, el porcentaje de grasa corporal, el porcentaje de masa muscular en el cuerpo, estatura y peso corporal. Al considerar todas las sumas de los pliegues cutáneos de las mujeres del grupo experimental, observamos una disminución estadísticamente significativa (p < 0,05) en la medición final en relación con la medición inicial (SPC SUPERIOR ­ 39,35 mm en comparación con 42,87 mm; SPCINFERIOR ­ 39,35 mm en comparación con 49,88 mm; SPC TOTAL ­ 76,97 mm comparación con 92,75 mm). En el caso de porcentaje de grasa corporal, se observó una disminución en la medición final en relación al porcentaje inicial (20,37 por ciento en comparación al 22,66 por ciento) lo cual fue estadísticamente significativo (p < 0,05 ). Basado en los resultados de nuestro estudio, podemos concluir que la danza aeróbica disminuye el tejido graso subcutáneo y la composición corporal de las mujeres jóvenes.

Morphological features in female judoka of different grades / Características morfológicas de judocas do sexo feminino de diferentes categorias

The evaluation of morphological differences among female judoka of different grades would make it possible to estimate the influence of motor activity in judo on athletes' performances, leading to a more refined selection process in this sport. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the morphological characteristics of female judoka of different ranks. Twenty-three athletes of higher grades and thirty-two judoka of lower ranks participated in this study. We measured the lengths of six body segments and the circumferences of twelve body segments, as well as nine skinfolds. We also evaluated body fat percentage. The mean differences between both groups were measured using ANOVA. This study shows that highly skilled judoka have significantly lower total body fat percentage (19.6 ± 4.4 and 22.7 ± 5.2 %, p < 0.05) and skinfold values (p < 0.05-0.01) in five body sites. They have significantly larger neck (34.4 ± 2.9 and 32.3 ± 2.4 cm, p < 0.01), thorax at forced inspiration (94.7 ± 5.1 and 91.4 ± 4.1 cm, p < 0.05) and expiration (88.6 ± 5.1 and 85.5 ± 4.4 cm, p < 0.05), and relaxed arm (27.8 ± 2.5 and 26.3 ± 2.1 cm, p < 0.05) circumferences. High-rank judoka have significantly longer hands (19.4 ± 1.3 and 18.1 ± 1.5 cm, p < 0.001) and significantly shorter thighs (37.2 ± 2.6 and 40.2 ± 3.2 cm, p < 0.001). Judoka with less body fat, more thoracic muscle mass, and shorter arms and legs are more successful in female judo.

A avaliação das diferenças morfológicas entre mulheres judocas de diferentes categorias possibilitaria estimar a influência da atividade motora no judô sobre o desempenho das atletas, aperfeiçoando o processo de seleção no judô feminino. Assim, este estudo objetivou comparar as características morfológicas de mulheres judocas de diferentes categorias. Vinte e três atletas de maior graduação e trinta e duas judocas de graduações mais baixas participaram do estudo. Mediram-se o comprimento de seis segmentos corporais e a circunferência de doze, bem como nove dobras cutâneas. Também se avaliou o percentual de gordura corporal. Utilizamos o ANOVA para testar as diferenças médias entre os dois grupos de judocas. Este estudo demonstra que, em judocas altamente qualificadas, cinco das dobras cutâneas têm medidas significativamente menores (p < 0,05-0,01), e o percentual de gordura corporal é significativamente mais baixo (19,6 ± 4,4 e 22,7 ± 5,2 %, p < 0,05). As circunferências do pescoço (34,4 ± 2,9 e 32,3 ± 2,4 cm, p < 0,01), do tórax durante inspiração (94,7 ± 5,1 e 91,4 ± 4,1 cm, p < 0,05) e expiração (88,6 ± 5,1 e 85,5 ± 4,4 cm, p < 0,05) forçadas e do braço em estado relaxado (27,8 ± 2,5 e 26,3 ± 2,1 cm, p < 0,05) são significativamente maiores. Além disso, as mãos são significativamente mais longas (19,4 ± 1,3 e 18,1 ± 1,5 cm, p < 0,001), e as coxas significativamente mais curtas (37,2 ± 2,6 e40,2 ± 3,2 cm, p < 0,001). Judocas com menor índice de gordura corporal, maior massa muscular torácica e menores braços e pernas são mais bem-sucedidas no judô feminino.

Comparação do percentual de gordura obtido por bioimpedância, ultrassom e dobras cutâneas em adultos jovens / Comparison of the fat percentage obtained by bioimpedance, ultrasound and skinfolds in young adults

OBJETIVO: Comparar o ultrassom (US) portátil e a bioimpedância elétrica (BIA) com as dobras cutâneas (DC) para estimar o percentual de gordura corporal em adultos. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas 195 militares, sexo masculino, sendo coletados: peso, estatura, percentual de gordura por bioimpedância, dobras cutâneas e ultrassom (US) em nove pontos (tríceps, subescapular, bíceps, peitoral, médio axilar, abdominal, suprailíaca, coxa e panturrilha). Além da estatística descritiva, foram utilizados gráficos de dispersão, o teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov, coeficiente de correlação π (rho) de Spearman, o Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test e a regressão linear para a elaboração de uma nova equação para a estimativa do percentual de gordura corporal em adultos jovens (do sexo masculino). RESULTADOS: O grupo apresentou idade média de 23,07 ± 7,55 anos, para peso e estatura os valores da média e desvio padrão foram: 72,65 ± 10,40 kg; 1,74 ± 0,06 metros, respectivamente. Comparando os resultados entre US e DC, verificaram-se correlações significativas para todos os pontos avaliados, sendo a prega da coxa a com maior correlação, seguida pelo peitoral. Comparando-se os três métodos, o US apresentou melhor correlação com a BIA do que com as DC. Pode-se propor uma nova equação de estimativa do percentual de gordura por US, que apresentou uma melhor correlação com o método das DC do que aquela utilizada pelo próprio equipamento. CONCLUSÃO: Foi possível verificar que na população estudada o US e a BIA podem estimar o percentual de gordura corporal com boas correlações com o método da DC.

INTRODUCTIONS E OBJECTIVE: To compare portable ultrasound (US) and bioimpedance analysis (BIA) with skinfolds (SF) to estimate body fat percentage in adults. METHODS: 195 military men were assessed and they had their weight, height, body fat by bioimpedance, skinfold in 9 points and ultrasound (US) collected. Linear Regression was used for the development of a new equation for body fat percentage estimation in young adults (males). RESULTS: The group had mean age of 23.07 ± 7.55 years and height and weight with mean and standard deviation of 72.65 ± 10.40 kg, 1.74 ± 0.06 meters, respectively. Comparing the results between the US and SF, there was significant correlation for all points evaluated, with the thigh skinfold presenting the highest correlation, followed by the chest one. When the three methods are compared, the US presented better correlation with the BIA than with SF. A new equation for estimation of fat percentage by US can hence be proposed. CONCLUSIONS: It was noticed that in the studied population, US and BIA can estimate the body fat percentage with good correlations with the SF method.

Changes in adiposity levels in schoolchildren according to nutritional status: analysis over a 30-year period / Modificações da adiposidade em escolares de acordo com o estado nutricional: análise de 30 anos

The aim of this study was to analyze changes in adiposity levels over a 30-year period in schoolchildren according to nutritional status. This study is part of Projeto Misto Longitudinal de Crescimento, Desenvolvimento e Aptidão Física de Ilhabela. 1.144 schoolchildren of both sexes, aged between 10 and 11 years, met the following inclusion criteria: (a) have at least one complete evaluation in one of the analyzed periods; (b) be in the prepubertal stage of sexual maturation; and (c) be apparently healthy. Analyzed periods were 1978/1980 (Baseline), 1988/1990 (10 years), 1998/2000 (20 years), 2008/2010 (30 years). Analyzed variables were: body mass (kg), height (cm) and adiposity levels (mm). Children were classified into three categories: eutrophic, overweight and obese, according to nutritional status, using World Health Organization (WHO) body mass index (BMI) curves for age and sex. For a comparison between periods, Two-Factor Analysis of Variance and Bonferroni's test were used. In both sexes, the most significant increase in adiposity levels occurred among the eutrophic group, followed by the overweight group and obese group. Results showed an increase in adiposity levels over a 30-year period, even with nutritional status control. It shows that individuals with a similar BMI may vary in proportion and distribution of subcutaneous adipose tissue.

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar as modificações da adiposidade de escolares, durante 30 anos, de acordo com o estado nutricional. O estudo faz parte do "Projeto Misto Longitudinal de Crescimento, Desenvolvimento e Aptidão Física de Ilhabela". Uma amostra de 1.144 escolares de ambos os sexos, de 10 e 11 anos, atenderam aos seguintes critérios de inclusão: (a) pelo menos uma avaliação completa em um dos períodos analisados; (b) estar no estágio pré-púbere de maturação sexual; (c) ser aparentemente saudável. Os períodos analisados foram 1978/1980 (linha de base), 1988/1990 (10 anos), 1998/2000 (20 anos), 2008/2010 (30 anos). As variáveis analisadas foram: massa corporal, estatura e adiposidade, pela análise individual de cada dobra cutânea. Os indivíduos foram classificados em eutróficos, excesso de peso e obesos, mediante as curvas propostas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) de índice de massa corporal para idade e sexo. Para comparar os períodos, foi utilizada a Análise de Variância com Dois Fatores seguida pelo método Bonferroni. Em ambos os sexos, o maior aumento significante ocorreu no grupo de escolares eutróficos, seguido pelos grupos excesso de peso e obeso. Houve modificações da adiposidade, mesmo com o controle do estado nutricional, durante o período de 30 anos analisado, mostrando que os indivíduos que têm semelhantes índices de massa corporal podem variar em proporção e distribuição de tecido adiposo subcutâneo.

Associação entre insatisfação com a imagem corporal e indicadores antropométricos em adolescentes / Association between body image dissatisfaction and anthropometric indicators in adolescents

O objetivo foi verificar a associação entre a insatisfação com a imagem corporal, o índice de massa corporal (IMC), a adiposidade corporal e a obesidade abdominal em adolescentes. Participaram 637 adolescentes (11-17 anos) de ambos os sexos. Foram medidos massa corporal, estatura, perímetro do abdômen, dobras cutâneas do tríceps e perna medial e, coletadas informações referentes a imagem corporal. O IMC, a obesidade abdominal e a adiposidade corporal foram usados como referência em relação ao desfecho. A prevalência de insatisfação com a imagem corporal foi de 60% (rapazes = 54,3%, moças = 65,2%; p < 0,05). Os rapazes com IMC baixo e obesidade abdominal apresentaram, respectivamente, 4,31 e 4,93 vezes mais chance de insatisfação corporal. As moças com IMC alto e adiposidade corporal alta apresentaram, respectivamente, 6,81 e 1,95 vezes mais chance de insatisfação corporal. Enquanto nos rapazes o IMC baixo e a obesidade abdominal apresentaram associação com a insatisfação corporal; nas moças o IMC e a adiposidade corporal elevados estiveram associados.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between body image dissatisfaction, body mass index (BMI), body adiposity and abdominal obesity in adolescents. A total of 637 adolescent boys and girls (11-17 years) participated. Measures of body weight, height, waist circumference, triceps and medial calf skinfold thickness and, body image were collected. BMI, abdominal obesity and body adiposity were used as references in relation to the outcome. The prevalence of body image dissatisfaction was 60% (boys = 54.3%; girls = 65.2%, p < 0.05). Boys with a low BMI and abdominal obesity presented a 4.31 and 4.93 times higher probability of body image dissatisfaction, respectively. In girls, the probability of body dissatisfaction was 6.81 and 1.95 times higher among those with a high BMI and high body adiposity, respectively. Low BMI and abdominal obesity were associated with body image dissatisfaction in boys, whereas in girls an association was observed with high BMI and high body adiposity.

Skinfold sum: reference values for top athletes / Sumatorio de pliegues subcutáneos: valores de referencia para atletas de élite

Skinfold determinations from different body parts are occasionally used in prediction equations to calculate fatness. This is a critical parameter that conditions optimal sport performance. Reference values of skinfolds in top athletes do not exist. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to present skinfold reference values from a large population of athletes. Triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, abdominal, thigh and medial calf skinfolds were measured according to ISAK (International Society for Advancement of Kinanthropometry) norms in 2500 athletes. Six skinfold sums as well as partial sums from different body segments (upper, trunk and lower) were applied. Data show that the highest skinfold values were observed for thigh calf and abdominal, being the subscapular the lowest. Women presented higher skinfold values than men. Concerning partial sums, trunk and lower body segments presented the highest scores. Subjects practicing hockey, handball, indoor soccer, rowing, scuba diving and table tennis displayed the highest fat percents. In conclusion, fatty mass calculation in athletes should consider the six skinfold sum. In addition, body fat tends to be localized in the trunk and lower body segments in athletes and varies according to gender and sport discipline...

Las determinaciones de los pliegues subcutáneos de diferentes zonas corporales son utilizadas ocasionalmente en ecuaciones predictivas para calcular la masa grasa. Éste es un parámetro crítico que condiciona el óptimo rendimiento deportivo. No existen valores de referencia de pliegues subcutáneos en atletas de élite. Por tanto, el principal objetivo de este estudio es presentar valores de referencia de pliegues subcutáneos de una amplia población de atletas. Los pliegues tricipital, subescapular, suprailiaco, abdominal, muslo y pierna fueron medidos de acuerdo a la normativa ISAK (Sociedad Internacional para el Avance de la Cineantropometría) en 2500 atletas. La suma de los seis pliegues así como las sumas parciales de diferentes segmentos corporales (superior, troncal e inferior) fueron calculadas. Los datos muestran que los valores más altos de pliegues subcutáneos fueron observados en el muslo y zona abdominal, siendo el pliegue subescapular el menor. Las mujeres presentaron valores más altos de pliegues subcutáneos que los hombres. Respecto a las sumas parciales, los segmentos corporales troncal e inferior presentaron las mayores puntuaciones. Los practicantes de hockey, balonmano, fútbol sala, remo, submarinismo y tenis de mesa mostraron los mayores porcentajes de grasa. En conclusión, los cálculos de masa grasa en atletas deberían de considerar el sumatorio de los seis pliegues subcutáneos. Además, la grasa corporal tiende a estar localizada en los segmentos corporales troncal e inferior y varía según el género y la disciplina deportiva...

Modificações da adiposidade em escolares de acordo com o estado nutricional: análise de 20 anos / Modifications of adiposity in school-age children according to nutritional status: a 20-year analysis

OBJETIVO: Analisar as modificações da adiposidade de escolares durante 20 anos, de acordo com o estado nutricional. MÉTODOS: O estudo faz parte do Projeto Misto Longitudinal de Crescimento, Desenvolvimento e Aptidão Física de Ilhabela. Uma amostra de 1.095 escolares de ambos os sexos, de 7 a 10 anos, atendiam aos seguintes critérios de inclusão: (a) pelo menos uma avaliação completa em um dos períodos analisados; (b) estar no estágio pré-púbere de maturação sexual; (c) ser aparentemente saudável. Os períodos analisados foram 1990/1991 (inicial), 2000/2001 (10 anos) e 2010/2011 (20 anos). As variáveis analisadas foram: massa corporal, estatura e adiposidade, pela análise individual de cada dobra cutânea. Os indivíduos foram classificados em eutróficos, com excesso de peso e obesos mediante as curvas propostas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde de índice de massa corporal para idade e sexo. Foi utilizada a Anova one-way, seguida do post-hoc de Scheffé, com p < 0,01. RESULTADOS: Nos meninos, o maior aumento ocorreu no grupo com excesso de peso, seguido pelos grupos obesos e eutróficos. Já nas meninas, os maiores aumentos ocorreram nos grupos com excesso de peso e eutróficas, seguidos pelo grupo obesas. CONCLUSÃO: Houve modificações da adiposidade, mesmo com o controle do estado nutricional, durante o período de 20 anos analisado, mostrando que os indivíduos que têm semelhantes índices de massa corporal podem variar em proporção e distribuição de tecido adiposo subcutâneo. Para ambos os sexos, o aumento foi maior nos grupos classificados como excesso de peso e, principalmente, nas dobras cutâneas centrais.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze adiposity changes in school-age children over a 20 year-period, according to nutritional status. METHODS: The study is part of the Ilhabela Longitudinal Mixed Project on Growth, Development and Physical Fitness. A sample of 1,095 school students of both sexes, from 7 to 10 years, met the following inclusion criteria: (a) at least one complete assessment in one of the analyzed periods; (b) to be in prepubertal stage of sexual maturation; (c) to be apparently healthy. The periods analyzed were 1990/1991 (initial), 2000/2001 (10 years) and 2010/2011 (20 years). The variables analyzed were: body weight, height and adiposity through individual analysis of each skinfold. Children were classified as eutrophic, overweight and obese, according to the curves of body mass index for age and sex proposed by the World Health Organization. The statistical analysis used was one-way ANOVA, followed by Scheffé's post-hoc test, with p < 0.01. RESULTS: In boys, the largest increase occurred in the overweight group, followed by the obese and eutrophic groups. In girls, the largest increases occurred in the groups with overweight and eutrophic children, followed by the obese group. CONCLUSION: in adiposity, even when the nutritional status was controlled, showing that individuals who have similar body mass indexes may vary in proportion and distribution of subcutaneous adipose tissue. In both sexes, the increase was higher in the overweight group, and mainly in central skinfolds.

Patrón de actividad física, composición corporal y distribución de la adiposidad en adolescentes venezolanos / Physical activity pattern, body composition and fat patterning in venezuelan adolescents

La composición corporal y la distribución de la adiposidad son indicadores útiles para el diagnóstico temprano de factores de riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares. Se evaluó composición corporal, distribución de adiposidad y relación con actividad física en 300 adolescentes venezolanos (2006-2007), mediante el índice de masa corporal (IMC), áreas grasa (AG) y muscular (AM), distribución tronco/extremidad y actividad física (Test Krece Plus) y técnicas multivariantes. Se encontró: IMC: déficit 6,7% y exceso 11,7%. AG: 3,3% déficit y 12,7% exceso. AM 11,3% déficit y 19% exceso, 56% presentó nivel de actividad física malo, 33% regular y 11% bueno. En los adolescentes con sobrepeso la actividad física fue mala o regular. El primer clúster agrupó individuos de 13 años, normales y actividad física regular a buena; hombres 5,5 h mujeres 2,3h. El 2do clúster agrupó el déficit, y 3ro y 4to normales y exceso. Los varones practicaron más actividad física que las niñas (6,6-3,4)-(4,1-2,3). La edad caracterizó comportamiento en los clúster y se relacionó con la distribución de grasa. El test de actividad física contribuyó muy poco en la construcción de los ejes factoriales y fue débil su asociación con composición y distribución de grasa. Los jóvenes practican poca actividad física que se asocia a una distribución central y/o periférica de la adiposidad, ambos considerados factores de riesgo negativos para la salud de los adolescentes. La poca actividad física y las alteraciones en el patrón de distribución, pueden ser factores de riesgo modificables como parte de una política de atención integral al adolescente(AU)

Body composition and fat patterning are considered as predictor tools for an early diagnosis of risk of cardiovascular diseases. A study was conducted in 300 male and female Venezuelan adolescents (2006-2007) to explore body composition, and fat patterning, related to physical activity. Subjects were categorized based on body mass index (BMI), arm fat area (AFA), arm muscle area (AMA), central and peripheral distribution of fat and physical activity by Krece Plus questionnaire. Multivariante techniques were applied. According to BMI categories 6.7% were categorized as low and 11.7% as high; AFA classified 12.7% as high and 3.3% as low. AMA found 11.3% as low and 19% as high, 56% of adolescents did not archive a moderate or good physical activity. Overweight adolescents showed poor physical activity. The first cluster grouped most of the normal subjects, average age 13 years, and moderate and intense physical activity (5.5 /2.3 hours for males and females). The second cluster depicted subjects with deficit, normal and high ones were located on the third and four clusters. Boys were more active (6.6-3.3) than girls (4.1-2.3). Age was a variable that characterized the profile of the clusters and was related to body fat distribution. The physical test was not strong enough to the conformation of the factorial axes and was weakly associated with body composition and its distribution. The youngest were more sedentary linked to centralized and peripheral body fat distribution, both components recognized as contributing factors to a number of medical conditions, even during adolescence. A poor physical activity level and impairment of fat distribution could be considered modifiable risks factors as elements of integral policies for adolescents(AU)

Composición corporal: Su importancia en la práctica clínica y algunas técnicas relativamente sencillas para su evaluación / Body composition: its importance in clinical practice and some relatively simple techniques for evaluation

El control y la prevención de la desnutrición es una tarea inconclusa en muchos países, entre ellos Colombia. Al mismo tiempo, enfermedades crónicas relacionadas con la nutrición son ahora la principal causa de discapacidad y muerte, no sólo a nivel global sino también en muchos de los países en vías de desarrollo. En Colombia, al igual que en la mayoría de los países, tradicionalmente se han utilizado criterios antropométricos, como los índices de peso, talla y el índice de masa corporal (IMC), para definir la obesidad, la desnutrición y los trastornos alimentarios, pero estas variables poseen poca sensibilidad para monitorear la respuesta al tratamiento, y es por eso que la evaluación de la composición corporal puede cualificar este proceso. El objetivo de este artículo es revisar algunas técnicas relativamente sencillas para evaluar la composición corporal y sus ventajas y desventajas en la práctica clínica para el seguimiento de los pacientes. Mientras la obesidad impacta de manera adversa en el corto plazo la salud, existe una evidencia creciente de que las enfermedades cardiovasculares tienen su origen en la niñez y la adolescencia, de manera que, independientemente de la composición corporal en la vida adulta, los niveles elevados de adiposidad en la niñez pudieran por sísolos incrementar el riesgo de enfermedades posteriormente. Es una prioridad para las universidades, las instituciones de salud y los encargados de las políticas en salud estimular la investigación nacional en este campo, con el objetivo de alcanzar el desarrollo de valores de referencia nacionales.

The control and prevention of malnutrition is an unfinished task in many countries, including Colombia. At the same time, chronic diseases related to nutrition are now the leading cause of disability and death, not only globally but also in many developing countries. In Colombia as in most countries, traditionally have been used as anthropometric criteria like indices of weight, height and body mass index (I) to define obesity, malnutrition and eating disorders, but these variables have little sensitivity to monitor treatment response and that is why the assessment of body composition may qualify this process. The aim of this paper is to review some relatively simple techniques for assessing body composition and its advantages and disadvantages in clinical practice for monitoring patients. While obesity adversely impacts in the short-term health, there is growing evidence that cardiovascular disease has its origins in childhood and adolescence, so that regardless of body composition in adult life, elevated levels adiposity in childhood may by themselves increase the risk of disease later. It is a priority for universities, health institutions and policy makers in health, to stimulate national research in this field in order to achieve the development of national benchmarks.

Utilização da espessura de dobras cutâneas para a estimativa da gordura corporal em idosos / Estimating body fat from skinfold thicknesses in the elderly

OBJETIVO: Analisar a concordância de equações de espessura de dobras cutâneas para a estimativa da gordura corporal em idosos brasileiros, tendo como referência a Absortometria Radiológica de Dupla Energia. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo correlacional. Realizaram-se as medidas antropométricas (estatura, massa corporal, perímetros corporais e espessura de dobras cutâneas) de 180 idosos (60 homens e 120 mulheres) com idades entre 60 e 81 anos. A gordura corporal foi mensurada por meio da Absormetria Radiológica de Dupla Energia e comparada com os valores estimados pelas dobras cutâneas. Foram analisadas as equações de Durnin et al., Jackson etal., Visser et al. e Lean et al. Os critérios de validação cruzada sugeridos por Lohman e a análise gráfica das dispersões em relação à média, por meio do método proposto por Bland & Altman, foram utilizados. RESULTADOS: O grupo avaliado apresentou uma gordura corporal média de 23,1 por cento (DP=5,8 por cento) nos homens e 37,3 por cento (DP=6,9 por cento) nas mulheres, com uma variação entre 6 por cento a 51,4 por cento. Houve uma elevada concordância entre as equações generalizadas de Durnin et al. e a Absormetria Radiológica de Dupla Energia (64,4 por cento nos homens e 60,1 por cento nas mulheres). Nos homens as equações de dobras cutâneas tenderam a superestimar os valores de gordura corporal, já nas mulheres esses valores foram subestimados. CONCLUSÃO: As equações generalizadas desenvolvidas por Durnin et al. são válidas para a estimativa da gordura corporal em idosos do sul do Brasil.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to analyze skinfold thickness equations for the estimation of body fat in terms of their concordance with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry results in elderly Brazilians. METHODS: This was a correlation study. Anthropometric measurements (height, body mass, body circumferences and skin fold thicknesses) of 180 elderly subjects (60 men and 120 women) aged 60 to 81 years were taken. Their body fat was measured with dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and compared with the values estimated from skinfold thickness measurements. Equations published by Durnin et al., Jackson et al., Visser et al. and Lean et al. were analyzed. The validation criteria described by Lohman were used together with the Bland and Altman method for graphical analysis of differences with relation to means. RESULTS: The men in the study group had a mean body fat of 23.1 percent (SD=5.8 percent) while the women had a mean body fat of 37.3 percent (SD=6.9 percent), with a 6 percent to 51.4 percent variation. The general equations published by Durnin et al. had great concordance with dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (64.4 percent for men and 60.1 percent for women). Skinfold thickness equations tended to overestimate men's body fat and underestimate women's body fat. CONCLUSION: The general equations proposed by Durnin et al. are a valid tool for estimating body fat in the elderly population of Southern Brazil.

Predição do índice de massa corporal em crianças através das dobras cutâneas / Prediction of body mass index in children from skinfold thicknesses

O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar as dobras cutâneas que melhor predizem o Índice de Massa Corporal em crianças de 6 a 10 anos de idade. Participaram desta investigação 188 escolares da rede particular de ensino do município de Ponta Grossa, Paraná, sendo 99 meninos e 89 meninas. Foram realizadas avaliações antropométricas da massa corporal (MC, kg) e estatura (EST, cm), para cálculo do Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC, kg.m-2), e dobras cutâneas (DC, mm) do bíceps, tríceps, subescapular, axilar oblíqua, supra-ilíaca oblíqua, abdominal vertical, panturrilha medial. A inter-relação entre as DC e o IMC foi quantificada através da correlação de Pearson. A regressão múltipla Stepwise foi usada para determinar a independência e contribuição coletiva das dobras cutâneas na predição do IMC, sendo p<0,05. Para os meninos, a DC abdominal (modelo 1) foi um forte preditor do IMC, explicando 72,3% da variância, ao passo que a adição da DC subescapular (modelo 2) pouco alterou a variância, passando para 73,7%. Para as meninas, os resultados indicaram que a DC supra-ilíaca foi responsável por 82% da variância no IMC (modelo1), e a adição da DC do tríceps (modelo 2) aumentou a proporção da variância na relação para 85%, sendo que quando incorporada a DC subescapular (modelo 3), a variância aumentou coletivamente para 86%. Os achados do presente estudo apontam para uma relação estreita entre o IMC e as DC abdominal (para meninos) e supra-ilíaca (para meninas), demonstrando que, para nossa amostra, as dobras cutâneas que representam uma distribuição de gordura central foram as melhores preditoras de variações no IMC.

The purpose of this study was to identify which skinfold thicknesses best predict the Body Mass Index (BMI) ofchildren aged 6 to 10 years. The sample consisted of 188 schoolchildren (99 boys and 89 girls) from the private Education System of the city of Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil. Anthropometric variables were measured: body mass and height (for computing BMI) and skinfolds (biceps, triceps, subscapular, oblique midaxillary, oblique suprailiac, vertical abdominal and medial calf). The relationships between skinfolds and BMI were analyzed using Pearson?s correlation. Stepwise multiple regression analyses were used to determine the independence and mutual contribution of skinfolds to prediction of BMI, with p <0.05. For boys, the abdominal skinfold (model 1) was the strongest predictor of BMI, explaining 72.3% of the variance, while including the subscapular skinfold (model 2) produced a small increase to 73.7%. For girls, the results indicated that the suprailiac skinfold was responsible for 82% of the variance in BMI (model 1), while the addition of the triceps skinfold (model 2) increased to 85% of variance. A third model, which incorporated the subscapular skinfold (model 3), caused a further increment in explained variance to 86%. The findings of this study indicate a moderate relationship between BMI and abdominal and suprailiac skinfolds, for boys and girls, respectively. It was shown that, for our sample, skinfolds representing central fat distribution were the best predictors of changes in BMI.

Determinants of systolic blood pressure in Indonesian elderly men: In factor analysis perspective (A study in four Indonesian big cities).

The objective of this study was to assess the determinants of systolic blood pressure in elderly men. A cross sectional study was undertaken in 4 big cities in Indonesia using multistage random sampling. The respondents were 320 elderly men who were the sub-sample of 981 sample of a larger population study. Data were collected through anthropometric measurements, biochemical blood analysis, nutrient intake assessment, activity index and stress score. Two type of statistical analysis techniques were used to determine the determinants of systolic blood pressure in elderly men; multiple regression analysis and factor analysis. This study shows that determinants of systolic blood pressure, analyzed with these two types of analysis, multiple regression and factor analysis, resulting in no contradictory result. Direct multiple regression analysis to all independent variables showed that there was correlation between systolic blood pressure with fat mass, and LDL cholesterol. Multiple regression analysis to components resulting from factor analysis showed that there was positive correlation between systolic blood pressure with fat mass, body mass index (BMI), sum of skin-folds and waist circumference.

Body fat distribution and hypertension / 예방의학회지

This study examined the cross-sectional association of body fat distribution with hypertension as well as the superiority of medical calf skinfold measured as peripheral fat distribution over the conventional triceps skinfold using 450 Korean Navy divers selected by authors' convenience in 1990. Their mean age was 27.9 and range of it was 19-51. The centrally located body fat was approximated by subscapular from these skinfold measures to reflect central versus peripheral fat distribution pattern: 2 ratios and 2 differences. After controlling age and overall obesity (body mass index), prevalence odds ratios of the 2/4, 3/4, 4/4 quartiles of subscapular skinfold comparing with lowest 1/4 quartile were 2.05 (95% confidence interval, CI 1.18-3.59), 2.02 (95% CI 1.06-3.86), 4.00 (95% CI 1.99-8.06) respectively. The difference of subscapular and medical calf skinfolds was associated with hypertension (odds ration 2.45, 95% CI 1.28-4.68 comparing highest with lowest quartiles). Triceps and medical calf skinfolds alone did not show any odds ratio not including unity. The adjusted odds ratios were generally reduced in small magnitude compared with crude odds ratios not adjusted for age and overall obesity. The medical calf skinfold appeared to be more representative of peripheral body fat distribution than triceps skinfold. These findings suggest that central fat distribution rather than peripheral distribution is associated with hypertension independent of age and overall level of obesity and medical calf skinfold may replace conventional triceps skinfold in predicting peripheral distribution of body fat.